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This site contains writings on the topic of reducing suffering, including the suffering of non-human animals and far-future beings. Most content is by Brian Tomasik, though a few pieces are written by others.

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• A Short Introduction to Reducing Suffering
• Summary of My Beliefs and Values on Big Questions

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• Research Topics Related to Future Suffering
• Ideas for Volunteering to Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering

Charity

• My Donation Recommendations
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• The Haste Consideration, Revisited
• Quantify with Care
• Charity Cost-Effectiveness in an Uncertain World
• Why Charities Usually Don't Differ Astronomically in Expected Cost-Effectiveness

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• Employers with Huge Matching-Donations Limits
• Donate $400K per Year by Working at Soros Fund Management
• Why Activists Should Consider Making Lots of Money
• Advice for Students on Earning to Give
• Assorted Tips on Personal Finance
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• Should Altruists Leverage Investments?
• Calculator for Expected Utility of Founding a Startup
• The Cost of Kids

Activism

• How Important Is Politics?
• Are Petitions Effective?
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• Why I Prefer Public Conversations
• Turn Discussions into Blog Posts
• Is It Better to Blog or Formally Publish?
• Personal and Social Tolerance
• Why Honesty is a Good Policy
• Education Matters for Altruism
• Staying Altruistic for the Long Term
• instagram如何国内使用
• Is Utilitarianism Too Demanding?
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• The Value of Wikipedia Contributions in Social Sciences
• In What Ways Is Writing Valuable?

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Food animals

• Why I Support the Humane Slaughter Association
• Does Vegetarianism Make a Difference?
• How Much Direct Suffering is Caused by Various Animal Foods?
• Comments on Compassion, by the Pound
• Is Kosher Slaughter Humane?
• Suffering in Animals vs. Humans

Wild-animal suffering

• The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering
• Should We Intervene in Nature?
• Medicine vs. Deep Ecology
• Caring about Animal Suffering
• A two-page pamphlet (pdf) on suffering in nature (.txt) (ins加速器苹果)
• Intention-Based Moral Reactions Distort Intuitions about Wild Animals
• Does the Animal-Rights Movement Encourage Wilderness Preservation?
• How Painful Is Death from Starvation or Dehydration?
• Wild-animal suffering on The Reality Check podcast
• Why Vegans Should Care about Suffering in Nature
• Is There More Suffering Than Happiness in Nature? A Reply to Michael Plant
• The Movement to Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering (video presentation)

Insects and other invertebrates

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• Do Bugs Feel Pain?
• Which Stimuli Are Painful to Invertebrates?
• How Good or Bad Is the Life of an Insect? (by Simon Knutsson)
• How to Kill Bugs Humanely
• Speculations on Invertebrate Population Dynamics Relevant to Reducing Suffering
• Convert Grass Lawns to Gravel to Reduce Insect Suffering
• How Many Springtails Are Created by a Gram of Grass?
• Insect Suffering from Silk, Shellac, Carmine, and Other Insect Products
• Water Use Often Kills Zooplankton
• How to Avoid Hurting Insects (on wikiHow)

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• Why I Don't Support Eating Insects
• What's Wrong with Entomophagy? (a short interview)
• Vegans Should Not Eat Insects: A Reply to Fischer (2016)
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• The Cruelty of Eating Snails

Welfare biology

• Applied Welfare Biology and Why Wild-Animal Advocates Should Focus on Not Spreading Nature
• How Does Vegetarianism Impact Wild-Animal Suffering?
• Estimating Aggregate Wild-Animal Suffering from Reproductive Age and Births per Female
• How Does Killing Animals Affect Total Suffering in a Simple, Food-Limited Population?
• Net Primary Productivity by Land Type
• How Forest Fires Affect Wild-Animal Suffering
• Will Gene Drives Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering?
• Habitat Loss, Not Preservation, Generally Reduces Wild-Animal Suffering
• 浏览外网的免费加速器 (video presentation)
• Cost-Effectiveness Comparison for Different Ways to Reduce Insect Suffering
• Efforts to Help Wild Animals Should Be Effective, Not Idealistic
• How Eutrophication Affects Freshwater Invertebrate Populations

Numbers of wild animals

• How Many Wild Animals Are There?
• Abundances of Soil Organisms
• Zooplankton Densities in Lakes and Reservoirs
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• Humanity's Net Impact on Wild-Animal Suffering
• Humanity's Impact on the Aggregate Metabolism of Land Wild Animals: An Analysis of Krausmann et al. (2013)
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Crop cultivation

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• Why Lower Crop Yields Reduce Invertebrate Suffering (Given Certain Assumptions)
• How Irrigation Affects Global Net Primary Productivity
• Humane Insecticides

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• One Trillion Fish
• How Wild-Caught Fishing Affects Wild-Animal Suffering
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• Which Marine Trophic Level Contains the Most Total Suffering?
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Cattle grazing

• How Cattle Grazing Affects Insect Populations on Pasture Fields
• How Cattle Grazing Affects Pasture Productivity
• Environmental Impacts of Cattle Beyond the Pasture
• How Rainforest Beef Production Affects Wild-Animal Suffering
• Net Impact of Vegetarianism on Factory-Farm Suffering vs. Invertebrates on Pasture Fields
• The Fine Print on Beef's Water Use

Climate change

• Climate Change and Wild Animals
• Effects of CO₂ and Climate Change on Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity
• Scenarios for Very Long-Term Impacts of Climate Change on Wild-Animal Suffering

Food scraps

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• Invertebrates Created by Composting
• Invertebrate Suffering Caused by Worm Composting
• Invertebrate Impacts of Worm-Bin Composting vs. Methane-Producing Decomposition
• Invertebrate-Free Composting

Wastewater

• Zooplankton Created by a Facultative Aerated Wastewater Treatment Lagoon: An Analysis of Kring et al. (2013)
• Microorganisms Created by Septic Systems
• Microorganisms Created by Wastewater-Treatment Systems

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• Consciousness Is a Process, Not a Moment
• Dissolving Confusion about Consciousness
• The Many Fallacies of Dualism
• My Confusions about the Hard Problem of Consciousness
• What Knowledge of Consciousness Says about Theories of Consciousness
• Objections to the Zombie Argument
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• Why I Am Not a Type-F Monist
• Flavors of Computation Are Flavors of Consciousness
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• A Corporation Analogy for Consciousness: Comments on Ward (2011)
• Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness by Themselves Are Too Parochial
• The "Phenomenal Overflow" Debate is Disputing Definitions
• A Simple Program to Illustrate the Hard Problem of Consciousness
• Prudential Arguments Regarding the Problem of Consciousness
• Why do organisms feel both suffering and happiness?

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• Which Computations Do I Care About?
• Do Artificial Reinforcement-Learning Agents Matter Morally? (tex, bibtex)
• Ethical Issues in Artificial Reinforcement Learning (supplement to previous article)
• My interview with People for the Ethical Treatment of Reinforcement Learners
• Machine Sentience and Robot Rights
• Do Video-Game Characters Matter Morally?
• Why Your Laptop May Be Marginally Sentient
• What Are Suffering Subroutines?
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• Fuzzy, Nested Minds Problematize Utilitarian Aggregation
• How to Interpret a Physical System as a Mind
• A conversation with Luke Muehlhauser on consciousness
• Can Bivalves Suffer?

Small minds

• Brain Sizes and Cognitive Abilities of Micrometazoans
• Bacteria, Plants, and Graded Sentience
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Sentience vs. animal size

• Is Brain Size Morally Relevant?
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• Haller’s Rule and Sentience Per Unit Biomass

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Suffering

• On the Seriousness of Suffering
• The Horror of Suffering
• Preventing Extreme Suffering Has Moral Priority (video presentation; warning: disturbing content)
• Does Negative Utilitarianism Override Individual Preferences?
• Reasons to Promote Suffering-Focused Ethics
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• How Important Is Experiencing Suffering for Caring About Suffering?
• Are Happiness and Suffering Symmetric?
• Empathy vs. Principle: A Reply to David Brooks
• Altruistic Motivation Based on Pain vs. Enjoyment
• A Small Mechanical Turk Survey on Ethics and Animal Welfare

Moral theory

• Hedonistic vs. Preference Utilitarianism
• On Triage
• Mr. Rogers on Unconditional Love
• Beauty-Driven Morality
• Intuition and Reason
• Three Types of Negative Utilitarianism
• Dealing with Moral Multiplicity
• Posthuman Multiculturalism
• Why the Modesty Argument for Moral Realism Fails
• A discussion of metaethics with David Pearce and Lucas Perry
• Thoughts on Postmodernism and Its Intellectual Kin
• I'm Not a Speciesist; I'm Just a Utilitarian

Judgment as incentive design

• Instrumental Judgment and Expectational Consequentialism
• Should We Base Moral Judgments on Intentions or Outcomes?
• Sunk-Cost Fallacy as a Punishment Mechanism
• Why Free Will is Not an "Illusion"

Cooperation and peace

• Gains from Trade through Compromise
• Possible Ways to Promote Compromise
• Differential Intellectual Progress as a Positive-Sum Project
• International Cooperation vs. AI Arms Race
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• Reasons to Be Nice to Other Value Systems
• Expected Value of Shared Information for Competing Agents

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Probability

• Why Maximize Expected Value?
• Precautionary Principle vs. Expected Values
• Covariance in Wealth and Cost-Effectiveness
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• Anthropics without Reference Classes
• Ranking Explanations of the Fermi Paradox

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• Eternalism and Its Ethical Implications
• Lab Universes: Creating Infinite Suffering
• Is There Suffering in Fundamental Physics?
• Should We Believe in Infinity?
• Why Does Physics Exist?

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• Why Digital Sentience is Relevant to Animal Activists
• Risks of Astronomical Future Suffering
• Will Space Colonization Multiply Wild-Animal Suffering?
• Against Wishful Thinking
• Omelas and Space Colonization
• The Future of Darwinism
• How Likely is Wireheading?
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• Predictions of AGI Takeoff Speed vs. Years Worked in Commercial Software
• Artificial general intelligence as a continuation of existing software and societal trends
• Astronomical suffering from slightly misaligned artificial intelligence
• Why I Don't Focus on the Hedonistic Imperative
• Should Altruists Focus on Reducing Short-Term or Far-Future Suffering?
• Thoughts Regarding the Simulation Hypothesis
• How the Simulation Argument Dampens Future Fanaticism
• Will Future Civilization Eventually Achieve Goal Preservation?
• How Likely Is a Far-Future Utopia?

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Writings by others

• Life in the Wild
• How Fungicides and Eutrophication Affect Suffering in the Wild
• Why Most People Don't Care About Wild-Animal Suffering
• The Case for Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering
• Jeffrey Lockwood on Insect Suffering
• Yew-Kwang Ng on Wild-Animal Suffering
• Machine Ethics and Preference Utilitarianism
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• Paul Almond on AI, Atheism, Consciousness, and the Multiverse

Further material

• Additional Essays
• My Wikipedia Contributions
• My YouTube channel
• A Few Useful Topics to Read About

Interviews

• I'm one of four commentators in the "instagram如何国内使用" episode of the instagram如何国内使用 podcast (2025).
• The Turing Test podcast: interview with Harvard Effective Altruism students (2017)
• Singularity Bros podcast: suffering, animals, far future (2017)
• ins加速器苹果 (2016)
• Adam Ford (2015)
• instagram苹果免费永久加速器 (2014)
• Vox: video-game characters, insects, and sentience (2014)
• Rhys Southan: effective altruism (2013)
• ins加速器苹果: careers and ethics (2012)

Organizations doing important work

• Future suffering: Foundational Research Institute (I'm an advisor)
• Wild-animal suffering: Wild Animal Initiative and Animal Ethics
• Farm-animal suffering: Humane Slaughter Association

About this site

• About this site
• 浏览外网的免费加速器
• How I Started Writing about Wild-Animal Suffering